Sources

Every paper we cite.

87 peer-reviewed sources behind 155 verified claims on 36 published fixes. Each one opens at its DOI, and each fix page shows which claim comes from which paper.

• Alentorn-Geli E et al. (2017). The Association of Recreational and Competitive Running With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7137Cited on "Running ruins your knees".
• Arnold M et al. (2020). Global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by histology and subsite in 2018. Gut. Cross-sectional study. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321600Cited on Very hot tea.
• Aune D et al. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319Cited on Getting 'enough' vegetables.
• Aune D et al. (2016). Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Medicine. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3Cited on Nuts as your snack.
• Balakrishna R et al. (2022). Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review. Advances in Nutrition. Umbrella review. doi:10.1093/advances/nmac077Cited on Nuts as your snack.
• Banach M et al. (2023). The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229Cited on Steps.
• Bertino M et al. (1982). Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt. Am J Clin Nutr. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1134Cited on Too much salt.
• Bohmer MN et al. (2021). Are we still in the dark? A systematic review on personal daily light exposure, sleep-wake rhythm, and mood in healthy adults from the general population. Sleep Health. Systematic review (no pooled estimate). doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.06.001Cited on Morning light and your body clock.
• Bourke M et al. (2026). Within-Person Association Between Daily Screen Use and Sleep in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. Meta-analysis. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.6490Cited on Phone in bed.
• Bourke M et al. (2022). The acute affective response to physical activity in people with depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. Meta-analysis of before-and-after studies (no control group). doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.089Cited on Exercise for low mood.
• Bouvard V et al. (2015). Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. Umbrella review. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1Cited on Processed meat.
• Brown KF et al. (2018). The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015. Br J Cancer. Cohort study. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0029-6Cited on Processed meat.
• Buffey AJ et al. (2022). The Acute Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting Time in Adults with Standing and Light-Intensity Walking on Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01649-4Cited on Prolonged sitting.
• Burfield M et al. (2023). The association between running volume and knee osteoarthritis prevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport. Meta-analysis of case-control studies. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.02.003Cited on "Running ruins your knees".
• Cappuccio FP et al. (2010). Sleep Duration and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Sleep. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585Cited on Short sleep.
• Carter B et al. (2016). Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2341Cited on Phone in bed.
• Chambe J et al. (2023). Light therapy in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Sleep Res. Meta-analysis. doi:10.1111/jsr.13895Cited on Morning light and your body clock.
• Chan DSM et al. (2011). Red and Processed Meat and Colorectal Cancer Incidence: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. PLOS ONE. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456Cited on Processed meat.
• Chau JY et al. (2013). Daily Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080000Cited on Prolonged sitting.
• Chen GC et al. (2017). Nut consumption in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a meta-analysis 18 prospective studies. Food & Function. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1039/c7fo00915aCited on Nuts as your snack.
• Chen Y et al. (2015). Consumption of hot beverages and foods and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Cancer. Meta-analysis of case-control studies. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1185-1Cited on Very hot tea.
• Chu Y et al. (2023). Dose-response analysis of smartphone usage and self-reported sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Sleep Med. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.5664/jcsm.10392Cited on Phone in bed.
• Cook NR et al. (2007). Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55Cited on Too much salt.
• Dautovich ND et al. (2019). A systematic review of the amount and timing of light in association with objective and subjective sleep outcomes in community-dwelling adults. Sleep Health. Systematic review (no pooled estimate). doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.09.006Cited on Morning light and your body clock.
• Dillard LK et al. (2022). Prevalence and global estimates of unsafe listening practices in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010501Cited on Headphone volume.
• Ding D et al. (2025). Daily steps and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00164-1Cited on Steps.
• Drake C et al. (2013). Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.5664/jcsm.3170Cited on Caffeine too late.
• Duraccio KM et al. (2021). Does iPhone night shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults?. Sleep Health. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.005Cited on Phone in bed.
• Ekelund U et al. (2019). Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4570Cited on Thinking exercise only counts in big doses.
• Ekelund U et al. (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1Cited on Prolonged sitting.
• Elmazoska I et al. (2024). Associations Between Recreational Noise Exposure and Hearing Function in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Cohort study. doi:10.1044/2023_JSLHR-23-00397Cited on Headphone volume.
• Engeroff T et al. (2023). After Dinner Rest a While, After Supper Walk a Mile? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis on the Acute Postprandial Glycemic Response to Exercise Before and After Meal Ingestion in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Sports Medicine. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01808-7Cited on Movement after meals.
• Farvid MS et al. (2021). Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00741-9Cited on Processed meat.
• Fincham GW et al. (2023). Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. Scientific Reports. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27247-yCited on Never downshifting out of stress.
• Garcia L, Pearce M, Abbas A, Mok A, Strain T, Ali S, Crippa A, Dempsey PC, Golubic R, Kelly P, Laird Y, McNamara E, Moore S, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Wijndaele K, Woodcock J, Brage S (2023). Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of large prospective studies. Br J Sports Med. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669Cited on Thinking exercise only counts in big doses.
• Gardiner C et al. (2025). The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.102030Cited on A drink before sleep.
• Gardiner C et al. (2023). The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764Cited on Caffeine too late.
• Gardiner CL et al. (2025). Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial. Sleep. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae230Cited on Caffeine too late.
• Garg P et al. (2024). Effect of breathing exercises on blood pressure and heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2023.200232Cited on Never downshifting out of stress.
• Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Webber EM, Coppola EL, Perdue LA, Weyrich MS (2021). Screening for Hypertension in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.21669Cited on Never having your blood pressure measured.
• Guo X et al. (2023). Periodontal disease and subsequent risk of cardiovascular outcome and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290545Cited on Not cleaning between your teeth.
• He FJ et al. (2013). Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325Cited on Too much salt.
• Huang L et al. (2020). Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1136/bmj.m315Cited on Too much salt.
• Imamura F et al. (2015). Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3576Cited on Sugary drinks.
• Jefferson T et al. (2023). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6Cited on Hand washing.
• Kaczorowski J, Chambers LW, Dolovich L, Paterson JM, Karwalajtys T, Gierman T, et al. (2011). Improving cardiovascular health at population level: 39 community cluster randomised trial of Cardiovascular Health Awareness Program (CHAP). BMJ. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1136/bmj.d442Cited on Never having your blood pressure measured.
• Kodama S et al. (2009). Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Quantitative Predictor of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Men and Women. JAMA. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.681Cited on Cardio fitness.
• Kretzschmar J, Rath N, Starke KR, Seidler A, Freiberg A (2026). The effect of exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) on sleep disturbance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.123689Cited on Sleeping with the light on.
• Lane MM et al. (2024). Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. Umbrella review. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077310Cited on Ultra-processed food.
• Larsson SC, Orsini N (2014). Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt261Cited on Processed meat.
• Lasgaard M et al. (2026). Are loneliness interventions effective for reducing loneliness? A meta-analytic review of 280 studies.. American Psychologist. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1037/amp0001578Cited on Being a bit isolated.
• Lemahieu L et al. (2025). The effects of social media abstinence on affective well-being and life satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. Systematic review (no pooled estimate). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90984-3Cited on Cutting back on social media.
• Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration (2002). Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. The Lancet. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8Cited on Never having your blood pressure measured.
• Little P et al. (2015). An internet-delivered handwashing intervention to modify influenza-like illness and respiratory infection transmission (PRIMIT): a primary care randomised trial. The Lancet. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60127-1Cited on Hand washing.
• Liu W et al. (2019). Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009197.pub4Cited on Not cleaning between your teeth.
• Llamosas-Falcón L et al. (2024). How does alcohol use impact morbidity and mortality of liver cirrhosis? A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Hepatology International. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1007/s12072-023-10584-zCited on A couple of drinks a night.
• Luo H, Ge H (2022). Hot Tea Consumption and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Nutr. Meta-analysis of case-control studies. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.831567Cited on Very hot tea.
• Mandsager K et al. (2018). Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing. JAMA Netw Open. Cohort study. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3605Cited on Cardio fitness.
• Mattes RD, Donnelly D (1991). Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources.. J Am Coll Nutr. Cross-sectional study. doi:10.1080/07315724.1991.10718167Cited on Too much salt.
• May W, Malouff JM, Meynadier J (2025). Reducing Social Media Use Decreases Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.3390/ejihpe15110222Cited on Cutting back on social media.
• Meng Y et al. (2021). Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages Consumption Linked to Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.3390/nu13082636Cited on Sugary drinks.
• Momma H et al. (2022). Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061Cited on Strength.
• Nakou A et al. (2025). Loneliness, social isolation, and living alone: a comprehensive systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of mortality risks in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02925-1Cited on Being a bit isolated.
• NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1Cited on Never having your blood pressure measured.
• Nguyen L et al. (2025). Feeds, feelings, and focus: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the cognitive and mental health correlates of short-form video use. Psychological Bulletin. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1037/bul0000498Cited on Short-form video and your focus.
• Noetel M et al. (2024). Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075847Cited on Exercise for low mood.
• Ohkuma T et al. (2015). Association between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.96Cited on Eating too fast.
• Qin P et al. (2021). Fried-food consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Heart. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317883Cited on Fried food.
• Ramadhan RN et al. (2024). Impacts of digital social media detox for mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Narra J. Systematic review (no pooled estimate). doi:10.52225/narra.v4i2.786Cited on Cutting back on social media.
• Reynolds A et al. (2019). Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The Lancet. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9Cited on Not enough fibre.
• Reynolds AN et al. (2016). Advice to walk after meals is more effective for lowering postprandial glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus than advice that does not specify timing: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. Randomised controlled trial. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4085-2Cited on Movement after meals.
• Robinson E et al. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081745Cited on Eating too fast.
• Roerecke M et al. (2018). Sex‐Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Cohort Studies. Journal of the American Heart Association. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.008202Cited on A couple of drinks a night.
• Taylor H, Strauss C, Cavanagh K (2021). Can a little bit of mindfulness do you good? A systematic review and meta-analyses of unguided mindfulness-based self-help interventions. Clin Psychol Rev. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102078Cited on Meditating on your own for felt stress.
• Timmins KA et al. (2017). Running and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1177/0363546516657531Cited on "Running ruins your knees".
• Twohig-Bennett C, Jones A (2018). The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environmental Research. Meta-analysis. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030Cited on Where you walk, not whether you walk.
• Wang DD et al. (2021). Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality. Circulation. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.048996Cited on Getting 'enough' vegetables.
• Wang F et al. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality. Nature Human Behaviour. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01617-6Cited on Being a bit isolated.
• Weinstein AA et al. (2024). Affective Responses to Acute Exercise: A Meta-Analysis of the Potential Beneficial Effects of a Single Bout of Exercise on General Mood, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine. Meta-analysis of before-and-after studies (no control group). doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000001321Cited on Exercise for low mood.
• Wicks C, Barton J, Orbell S, Andrews L (2022). Psychological benefits of outdoor physical activity in natural versus urban environments: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of experimental studies. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. Meta-analysis. doi:10.1111/aphw.12353Cited on Where you walk, not whether you walk.
• Worthington HV et al. (2019). Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012018.pub2Cited on Not cleaning between your teeth.
• Xu YX, Zhang JH, Tao FB, Sun Y (2023). Association between exposure to light at night (LAN) and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Science of the Total Environment. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159303Cited on Sleeping with the light on.
• You S et al. (2020). The Effects of Short-Term and Long-term Hearing Changes on Music Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.3390/ijerph17062091Cited on Headphone volume.
• Yuan SQ et al. (2021). Association Between Eating Speed and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.700936Cited on Eating too fast.
• Zaccaro A et al. (2018). How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Systematic review (no pooled estimate). doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353Cited on Never downshifting out of stress.
• Zhang W, Chen K, Mei J, Xu J (2026). Effects of exercise intervention on executive function in college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. Meta-analysis of randomised trials. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1876948Cited on Regular exercise and your focus.
• Zhao J et al. (2023). Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Network Open. Meta-analysis of cohort studies. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185Cited on A couple of drinks a night.